Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic anomalies of water -- unusual compressibility, heat capacity, heat of vaporization, and thermal conductivity.
Water has an unusually low compressibility
Despite being a liquid, water is harder to compress than many other liquids.
Compressibility decreases with rising temperature up to 46.5 degrees Celsius
For most liquids, compressibility increases with temperature -- for water it initially decreases.
There is a maximum in the compressibility-temperature relationship
The isothermal compressibility shows a maximum at low temperatures.
The speed of sound increases with temperature up to 74 degrees Celsius
In most liquids, the speed of sound decreases with temperature -- in water it increases.
The speed of sound may exhibit a minimum
Under certain conditions, the speed of sound in water exhibits a minimum.
Fast sound occurs at high frequencies and shows a discontinuity at higher pressure
At high frequencies, sound propagates faster in water, with a jump at high pressure.
The heat of melting of water has a maximum at -17 degrees Celsius
The heat of melting shows a maximum at supercooled temperatures rather than at the normal melting point.
Water has more than twice the specific heat capacity of ice or steam
The specific heat of liquid water is anomalously high compared to its solid and gaseous phases.
The specific heat capacity (Cp and Cv) is unusually high
Both at constant pressure and constant volume, the heat capacity of water is unusually large.
The specific heat capacity Cp has a minimum at 36 degrees Celsius
The heat capacity at constant pressure passes through a minimum near body temperature.
The specific heat capacity Cp has a maximum at approximately -45 degrees Celsius
In the supercooled range, Cp increases dramatically and shows a maximum.
The specific heat capacity Cp has a minimum with respect to pressure
The pressure dependence of Cp shows an unusual minimum.
The heat capacity Cv has a maximum
The isochoric heat capacity shows a maximum at a certain temperature.
Water has a high heat of vaporization
The heat of vaporization of water is one of the highest of all liquids.
Water has a high heat of sublimation
The energy required to convert ice directly into vapor is unusually high.
Water has a high entropy of vaporization
The entropy of vaporization of water deviates significantly from Trouton's rule.
The thermal conductivity of water is high and reaches a maximum at 130 degrees Celsius
The thermal conductivity of liquid water is high and shows a maximum at elevated temperature.